How to Monitor Server Status | 如何监控服务器状态

一、基本命令查看服务器状态

/proc/目录原理：硬件状态信息在启动的过程中装载到虚拟目录/proc下文件中。

proc文件系统是一个伪文件系统，它只存在内存当中，而不占用外存空间。它以文件系统的方式为访问系统内核数据的操作提供接口。

CPU硬件信息

cat /proc/cpuinfo：查看CPU硬件静态信息

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
[fivezh@master ~]$ cat /proc/cpuinfo 
processor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family  : 6
model   : 69
model name  : Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4210U CPU @ 1.70GHz
stepping  : 1
microcode : 0x1d
cpu MHz   : 2394.457
cache size  : 3072 KB
physical id : 0
siblings  : 1
core id   : 0
cpu cores : 1
apicid    : 0
initial apicid  : 0
fpu   : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 13
wp    : yes
flags   : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc aperfmperf eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm ida arat epb xsaveopt pln pts dtherm fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 invpcid
bogomips  : 4788.91
clflush size  : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes : 42 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

主要参数项：

physical id: 物理封装的处理器的id。
cpu cores: 位于当前逻辑核相同物理封装的处理器中的核数。
core id: 每个核心在当前CPU中id。
siblings: 位于相同物理封装的处理器中的逻辑处理器的数量。
processor: 逻辑处理器的id。

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
# physical id: 物理CPU封装数量
cat /proc/cpuinfo|grep “physical id”|sort -u|wc –l
# cpu cores: 每个物理地CPU内的核数
cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "cpu cores"|uniq|cut -d: -f2
# core id: 该核在物理CPU中的编号
cat /proc/cpuinfo|grep “core id”|sort -u
# siblings: 同一物理CPU中逻辑处理器的个数
cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "siblings"
# processor: 逻辑处理器的个数
cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "processor"|wc –l
# 判断是否开启超线程: 比较siblings和cores是否一致
如果siblings数量是cores的两倍，则为开启超线程；否则，为未开启或不支持超线程
cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "siblings"
cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "cpu cores"

内存硬件信息

cat /proc/meminfo: 查看内存状态信息

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
[fivezh@master ~]$ cat /proc/meminfo 
MemTotal:        1003164 kB
MemFree:          243768 kB
MemAvailable:     683912 kB
Buffers:             764 kB
Cached:           534796 kB
SwapCached:            0 kB
Active:           254736 kB
Inactive:         338540 kB
Active(anon):      58104 kB
Inactive(anon):     6388 kB
Active(file):     196632 kB
Inactive(file):   332152 kB
Unevictable:           0 kB
Mlocked:               0 kB
SwapTotal:       2097148 kB
SwapFree:        2097148 kB
Dirty:             18612 kB
Writeback:             0 kB
AnonPages:         57756 kB
Mapped:            21732 kB
Shmem:              6776 kB
Slab:              90112 kB
SReclaimable:      47968 kB
SUnreclaim:        42144 kB
KernelStack:        7744 kB
PageTables:         4008 kB
NFS_Unstable:          0 kB
Bounce:                0 kB
WritebackTmp:          0 kB
CommitLimit:     2598728 kB
Committed_AS:     257172 kB
VmallocTotal:   34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed:      199252 kB
VmallocChunk:   34359522160 kB
HardwareCorrupted:     0 kB
AnonHugePages:      8192 kB
HugePages_Total:       0
HugePages_Free:        0
HugePages_Rsvd:        0
HugePages_Surp:        0
Hugepagesize:       2048 kB
DirectMap4k:       53120 kB
DirectMap2M:      995328 kB
DirectMap1G:           0 kB

CPU、内存占有率信息

top: 实时显示进程的资源占用情况

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
[fivezh@master ~]$ top
top - 19:47:39 up 27 min,  2 users,  load average: 0.01, 0.17, 0.15
Tasks: 341 total,   2 running, 339 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
%Cpu(s):  1.5 us,  1.5 sy,  0.0 ni, 95.5 id,  1.4 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.1 si,  0.0 st
KiB Mem :  1003164 total,   240996 free,   134148 used,   628020 buff/cache
KiB Swap:  2097148 total,  2097148 free,        0 used.   683368 avail Mem 

   PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND     
     1 root      20   0   56656   6452   3848 S  0.0  0.6   0:01.38 systemd     
     2 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kthreadd    
     3 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:02.62 ksoftirqd/0 
     5 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker/0:0H
     7 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 migration/0 
     8 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 rcu_bh      
     9 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 rcuob/0     
    10 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 rcuob/1

free -m: 内存使用情况

1
2
3
4
[fivezh@master ~]$ free -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:            979         130         238           6         610         667
Swap:          2047           0        2047

vmstat: 查看虚拟内存使用情况

1
2
3
4
[fivezh@master ~]$ vmstat
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu-----
 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
 2  0      0 243960    764 624716    0    0   102   489  130  168  2  2 95  1  0

超线程是否开启

  1. 比较cpuinfo中siblings和cores数是否一致，如siblings=2xcores则为开启超线程

    1
    2
    cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "siblings"
    cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "cpu cores"

  2. 查看cpuinfo下是否存在相同physical id和core id的逻辑处理器(processor)

硬盘信息

sudo df -h: 查看文件系统占用情况及挂载点等信息, man df
sudo fdisk -l: 查看磁盘分区及使用情况, man fdisk

IO信息

lsof: 查看打开文件和相关进程情况

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
[fivezh@master ~]$ lsof | more
COMMAND    PID  TID    USER   FD      TYPE DEVICE  SIZE/OFF      NODE NAME
systemd      1         root  cwd   unknown                            /proc/1/cwd (readlink: Permission denied)
systemd      1         root  rtd   unknown                            /proc/1/root (readlink: Permission denied)
systemd      1         root  txt   unknown                            /proc/1/exe (readlink: Permission denied)
systemd      1         root NOFD                                      /proc/1/fd (opendir: Permission denied)
kthreadd     2         root  cwd   unknown                            /proc/2/cwd (readlink: Permission denied)
kthreadd     2         root  rtd   unknown                            /proc/2/root (readlink: Permission denied)
kthreadd     2         root  txt   unknown                            /proc/2/exe (readlink: Permission denied)

iotop: 记录进程IO使用率，第三方需安装
Install Iotop in Linux
iostat: 查看分区IO使用情况，第三方需安装

网络信息

netstat -an: 查看网络连接情况

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
[fivezh@master ~]$ netstat -an | more
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 192.168.8.5:22          192.168.8.1:5769        ESTABLISHED
tcp        0     52 192.168.8.5:22          192.168.8.1:63401       ESTABLISHED
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 ::1:25                  :::*                    LISTEN     
Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node   Path
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     15943    /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     19654    private/bounce
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     19657    private/defer
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     19660    private/trace
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     19663    private/verify
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     19669    private/proxymap

dmesg | grep -i eth: 查看网卡型号信息

1
2
3
4
[fivezh@master ~]$ dmesg | grep -i eth
[    2.110507] e1000 0000:02:01.0 eth0: (PCI:66MHz:32-bit) 00:0c:29:1a:01:9c
[    2.110513] e1000 0000:02:01.0 eth0: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Connection
[    2.113662] systemd-udevd[487]: renamed network interface eth0 to eno16777736

额外信息

getconf LONG_BIT或file /bin/ls: 查看32、64位操作系统

1
2
3
4
[fivezh@master ~]$ getconf LONG_BIT
64
[fivezh@master ~]$ file /bin/ls
/bin/ls: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID[sha1]=0xa0cbb02fea1cb40346262515965696d361dbf5ba, stripped

dmidecode | grep "Product Name": 查看服务器型号
DMI(Desktop Management Interface)是Linux下遵循SMBIOS/DMI标准的收集系统信息的管理系统，其输出的信息包括 BIOS、系统、主板、处理器、内存、缓存等。
查看服务器型号：dmidecode | grep ‘Product Name’
查看主板的序列号：dmidecode |grep ‘Serial Number’
查看系统序列号：dmidecode -s system-serial-number
查看内存信息：dmidecode -t memory
查看OEM信息：dmidecode -t 11

1
2
3
[fivezh@master ~]$ sudo dmidecode | grep "Product Name" 
  Product Name: VMware Virtual Platform
  Product Name: 440BX Desktop Reference Platform

其他工具：

Htop

nmon

nmon for Linux - nmon is short for Nigel’s performance Monitor for Linux. This systems administrator, tuner, benchmark tool gives you a huge amount of important performance information in one go.

nmon
nmon是Linux下监控系统资源的统一化管理工具，支持CPU, 内存, 文件系统, 虚拟内存, 资源, NFS，内核, Top等，还支持监控数据导出文件，并通过nmon analyser生成报表数据。

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x  Use these keys to toggle statistics on/off:                                                                                      x
x     c = CPU        l = CPU Long-term   - = Faster screen updates                                                                  x
x     m = Memory     j = Filesystems     + = Slower screen updates                                                                  x
x     d = Disks      n = Network         V = Virtual Memory                                                                         x
x     r = Resource   N = NFS             v = Verbose hints                                                                          x
x     k = kernel     t = Top-processes   . = only busy disks/procs                                                                  x
x     h = more options                   q = Quit

nmon命令参数:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Hint: nmon [-h] [-s <seconds>] [-c <count>] [-f -d <disks> -t -r <name>] [-x]

-h            FULL help information
Interactive-Mode:
read startup banner and type: "h" once it is running
For Data-Collect-Mode (-f)
-f            spreadsheet output format [note: default -s300 -c288]
optional
-s <seconds>  between refreshing the screen [default 2]
-c <number>   of refreshes [default millions]
-d <disks>    to increase the number of disks [default 256]
-t                  spreadsheet includes top processes
-x            capacity planning (15 min for 1 day = -fdt -s 900 -c 96)

Version - nmon 14i

代码示例：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
[five@nagios-server ~]$ nmon -s3 -c10 -f
[five@nagios-server ~]$ ls
nagios-server_160411_1857.nmon
[five@nagios-server ~]$ tail -f nagios-server_160411_1857.nmon
可以看到tail -f中数据文件的变化，通过nmon analyser对该文件分析。

 mon -s 300 -c 288 -f -m /tmp
-s 300:表示每300秒采集一次数据，
-c 288 :表示采集288次，300*288=86400秒，刚好是1天的数据，这样运行一次这个程序就会生成一个一天的数据文件，
-m /tmp: 表示生成的数据文件的路径
-f ：表示生成的数据文件名中有时间

# 通过crontab作为自动监控脚本
[root@dhdb sh]# more nmon.sh 
#author: skate
#function: monitor system information
#time:2011/08/05

NPATH=/tmp/
# monitoring per 120 senonds
nmon -s 120 -c 720 -f -m $NPATH

# monitoring per 300 senonds
#nmon -s 300 -c 288 -f -m $NPATH

#delete file before 365 day
#find /tmp -name *.nmon  -mtime +365 -exec rm {} \;
~

[root@dhdb sh]# crontab -l
0 0 * * * sh /oracle/sh/nmon.sh >/dev/null 2>&1

nmon16b

参考文献

  1. 20 Command Line Tools to Monitor Linux Performance
  2. Linux下/proc目录简介
  3. Linux下使用NMON监控、分析系统性能